Txoj cai ntawm solar cell

Lub hnub ci rau ntawm lub semiconductor pn kev sib tshuam los tsim ib lub qhov tshiab-electron khub. Nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm lub built-in hluav taws xob teb nyob rau hauv lub pn hlws ris, lub photo-generated qhov ntws mus rau thaj tsam p, thiab cov duab-generated electrons ntws mus rau thaj tsam n. Tom qab lub voj voog txuas nrog, qhov tam sim no raug tsim tawm. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ua haujlwm ntawm photoelectric effect solar cells.
Muaj ob txoj hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci, ib qho yog lub teeb-kub-hluav taws xob hloov dua siab tshiab, thiab lwm yam yog lub teeb hluav taws xob ncaj qha hloov pauv.
Photothermal-hluav taws xob conversion
Lub teeb-kub-hluav taws xob hloov pauv hom tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm kev siv lub zog hluav taws xob uas tsim los ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob. Feem ntau, lub zog nqus hluav taws xob tau hloov mus rau hauv chav ua haujlwm nruab nrab los ntawm lub hnub ci sau, thiab tom qab ntawd cov chav turbine tau tsav los tsim hluav taws xob. Cov txheej txheem yav dhau los yog lub teeb-kub hloov pauv txheej txheem; Cov txheej txheem tom kawg yog cov txheej txheem hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob, uas yog tib yam li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tib yam. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog tias nws cov txiaj ntsig qis heev thiab nws cov nqi siab heev. Nws yog kwv yees tias nws cov peev nyiaj tsawg kawg yog 5 mus rau 10 npaug siab dua li ntawm cov chaw siv hluav taws xob zoo tib yam. Lub 1000MW hnub ci thermal fais fab nroj tsuag yuav tsum tau nqis peev 2 txog 2.5 billion US dollars, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab peev ntawm 1 kW ntawm 2000 txog 2500 US dollars. Yog li ntawd, nws tsuas yog siv tau rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov me me, thaum kev siv loj loj tsis yog kev lag luam thiab tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog cov thermal fais fab nroj tsuag zoo tib yam lossis nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag.
Direct optical-hluav taws xob conversion
Lub hnub ci hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob yog tsim raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb. Blackbodies (xws li lub hnub) radiate electromagnetic nthwv dej ntawm txawv wavelengths (raws li sib txawv frequencies), xws li infrared, ultraviolet, pom lub teeb, thiab lwm yam. Thaum cov rays yog irradiated rau txawv conductors los yog semiconductors, photons cuam tshuam nrog dawb electrons nyob rau hauv lub conductors. los yog semiconductors los tsim tam sim no. Qhov luv luv lub wavelength thiab ntau dua qhov zaus ntawm txoj kab hluav taws xob, lub zog ntau dua nws muaj. Piv txwv li, lub zog ntawm ultraviolet rays yog ntau dua li ntawm infrared rays. Txawm li cas los xij, lub zog ntawm rays ntawm tag nrho cov wavelengths tsis tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias cov nyhuv photovoltaic yog ywj siab ntawm kev siv ntawm rays. Qhov tam sim no tsuas yog tsim tau thaum qhov zaus nce mus txog lossis tshaj qhov pib uas tuaj yeem tsim cov nyhuv photovoltaic. Qhov siab tshaj plaws wavelength ntawm lub teeb uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub semiconductor tsim cov nyhuv photovoltaic muaj feem xyuam rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov dav ntawm lub semiconductor. Piv txwv li, qhov sib txawv band dav ntawm crystalline silicon yog hais txog 1.155eV ntawm chav tsev kub. Yog li ntawd, tsuas yog lub teeb nrog wavelength tsawg dua 1100nm tuaj yeem ua rau crystalline silicon tsim cov nyhuv photovoltaic. Lub hnub ci hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob yog ib txoj kev tsim hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv mus thiab ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg. Nws yuav tsis tsim cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab yuav tsis ua phem rau ib puag ncig. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsim khoom, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua silicon-raws li semiconductor roj teeb, CdTe nyias zaj duab xis roj teeb, CIGS nyias zaj duab xis roj teeb, dye-sensitized nyias zaj duab xis roj teeb, cov khoom siv roj teeb organic, thiab lwm yam ntawm lawv, silicon hlwb tau muab faib ua ib qho siv lead ua. cell, polycrystalline hlwb thiab amorphous silicon nyias zaj duab xis hlwb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws parameter rau hnub ci hlwb yog kev hloov dua siab tshiab. Ntawm cov silicon-raws li hnub ci hlwb tsim nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam, efficiency ntawm monocrystalline silicon hlwb yog 25.0 feem pua, cov efficiency ntawm polycrystalline silicon hlwb yog 20.4 feem pua, cov efficiency ntawm CIGS nyias zaj duab xis hlwb yog 19.6 feem pua, efficiency ntawm CdTe nyias zaj duab xis hlwb. yog 16.7 feem pua, thiab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm amorphous silicon (amorphous silicon) nyias zaj duab xis yog 10.1 feem pua
Lub hnub ci cell yog ib hom photoelectric caij uas tuaj yeem hloov lub zog. Nws cov qauv yooj yim yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas P-hom thiab N-hom semiconductors. Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm semiconductors yog "silicon", uas tsis yog-conductive. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias sib txawv impurities sib xyaw hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau P-hom thiab N-hom semiconductors. Tom qab ntawd, P-hom semiconductors muaj lub qhov (P-hom semiconductors muaj ib qho hluav taws xob tsawg nrog cov nqi tsis zoo, uas tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog ib qho zoo dua ntxiv), thiab N-hom semiconductors muaj ib qho hluav taws xob dawb ntau qhov sib txawv los tsim tam sim no, yog li. Thaum lub hnub ci, Lub teeb lub zog ua rau cov electrons hauv silicon atom los tsim cov convection ntawm electrons thiab qhov. Cov electrons thiab qhov yuav raug cuam tshuam los ntawm lub peev xwm tsim, thiab yuav nyiam los ntawm N-hom thiab P-hom semiconductors feem, thiab yuav sib sau ua ke ntawm ob qho kawg. Lub sijhawm no, yog tias sab nraud txuas nrog electrodes los tsim ib lub voj voog, qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub hnub ci photovoltaic zog tsim yog siv lub hnub ci hlwb kom nqus tau 0.4 μ m-1.1 μ M wavelength (rau silicon crystal) hnub ci, uas ncaj qha hloov lub teeb lub zog rau hauv hluav taws xob. lub zog tso zis.
Txij li cov hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob yog qhov ncaj qha tam sim no, yog tias tsim nyog los muab lub zog rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev lossis ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, nws yuav tsum tau nruab ib lub DC / AC converter los hloov nws nrog AC fais fab ua ntej nws tuaj yeem muab rau hauv tsev lossis industrial zog.
Kev them nyiaj yug ntawm lub hnub ci cell Daim ntawv thov ntawm lub hnub ci hauv cov khoom siv feem ntau muaj teeb meem ntawm kev them nyiaj. Yav dhau los, cov khoom siv dav dav siv NiMH lossis NiCd cov hlwb qhuav, tab sis NiMH cov hlwb qhuav tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias, thiab NiCd cov hlwb qhuav muaj teeb meem ntawm ib puag ncig cov pa phem. Nrog rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm supercapacitors, muaj peev xwm loj, thaj chaw tiv thaiv kev poob qis thiab tus nqi qis, qee cov khoom hnub ci tau pib siv supercapacitors raws li cov khoom siv, yog li txhim kho ntau yam teeb meem ntawm hnub ci them nyiaj:
Fast charging,
Lub neej kev pabcuam yog ntau tshaj 5 npaug ntev dua,
Lub charger kub ntau yog dav,
Txo kev noj cov hnub ci hlwb (tuaj yeem them ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tsawg)